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People with Down syndrome (DS) experience premature aging. Whether this accelerated aging also involves early declines in muscle mass, strength and physical performance is presently unclear.

Recent definitions of malnutrition include low muscle mass within its diagnostic criteria. In fact, malnutrition is one of the main risk factors of skeletal muscle loss contributing to the onset of sarcopenia.

The co-existence of impaired bone health (osteopenia/osteoporosis), reduced muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia), and increased adiposity (obesity) in middle-aged and older people has been identified in recent studies, leading to a proposal for the existence of "osteosarcopenic obesity" as a distinct entity.

in 2010, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) published a sarcopenia definition that aimed to foster advances in identifying and caring for people with sarcopenia.

An appropriate consumption of proteins with the usual diet is important to muscle mass maintenance as it guarantees the right amount of essential amino acids and consequently stimulates protein synthesis.

HMB to support muscle health HMB is a metabolite of leucine, a branched-chain essential amino acid exclusively obtained from dietary sources...

The importance of physical activity There is increasing evidence of the beneficial effects of regular physical activity in all age groups. Older people suffering from chronic diseases should also engage in an activity compatible with their physical abilities and conditions. Regular physical activity increases the average life expectancy by...

Achieving an adequate vitamin D status through dietary intake of vitamin D is difficult in older adults as food sources are limited and few foods are fortified with vitamin D. A recent analysis of dietary survey data across eight European countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom) showed...

“Body composition in 70-year-old adults responds to dietary β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate similarly to that of young adults.”

The European Food Safety Authority recently estimated that the Population Reference Intake for adults of all ages was 0.83 g protein/kg body weight per day. The Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) in the UK for protein in the healthy adult (including older people) population is 0.75g/kg body weight. Requirements are determined by measurement of the...